The Common Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Common Law - Essay Example He meant to convey that what has been formed by the institution of lawmakers is actually an embodiment of the prevailing affair with times across a general culture of the nation in association with legal theories with which people have sought political involvement depending on the relevance and impact lawful matters create upon their lives. Though some degree of sociological approach may be reflected in the overall statement of Justice Holmes, a historical school of jurisprudence substantiates most of its meaning. This Holmes justifies explicating â€Å"The law embodies the story of a nation’s development through many centuries ... In order to know what it is, we must know what it has been, and what it tends to become.† Believing that law operates as a function of history, Holmes likely proposes that the accounts of any period, especially of the past, are amply significant in the foundation and intended accomplishments of a good and sensible

Of mice and men Essay Example for Free

Of mice and men Essay What does this section reveal about Curley’s wife? In Steinbeck’s description of Curley’s wife, he talks a lot about how well dressed she is and how she behaves so flirtatious. This means that she is the complete opposite to George. If she can afford ostrich feathers and all the luxuries of her clothing then she must have a lot of money or just spends it all on this. Steinbeck uses phrases such as â€Å"she bridled a little† to describe her actions. This is another comparison to animals that he uses to animalise people and in more than one case, women. By the way that Curley’s wife speaks and behaves we can tell she isn’t really the cleverest of all people. This means she wouldn’t work and instead get her money from inheritance of Curley himself. The colour red portrays passion and danger which foreshadows her later role in the book. Steinbeck suggests to the reader that Curley’s wife is â€Å"jailbait†. Curley’s wife obviously likes to take care in her appearance because in Steinbeck’s description of her, he says she is â€Å"heavily made up. Her fingernails were red. Her hair hung in little rolled clusters† this suggests to the reader that she is trying to get attention or is acting as a â€Å"tart†. She has no reason to dress up this extravagantly however as she is already married and there are no other women on the ranch, meaning she therefore she has no one to impress. What does the novella reveal about 1930’s America? The paragraph â€Å"She had full, rouged lips and wide-spaced eyes [†¦] which were little bouquets of red ostrich feathers† describes what she wears. Her items of clothing seem very expensive especially during the 1930’s when the people of America were experiencing the Great Depression and had very little money. This means that whatever money she has, she spends it on clothes. This links contextually to the rise of Hollywood as people (women) were caring more about their appearances. Also, the fact that Curley’s wife is never named is a key point as this indicates to us how women were not important and were more of an item that one would have as later on George reveals his dream in which he â€Å"could live so easy and maybe have a girl† which tells us in first person what men thought of women; as objects to own which was a rising ‘issue’ in the 1930’s America. The fact that Slim addresses her as â€Å"Good-lookin’† really proves this point. We notice how the G is capitalised as if he is implying that that she does not need a proper name and is referred to by beauty and not personality. This relates to the Rise of Hollywood as during the 1930’s the role of women changed significantly. They became images and no longer people.

Ramses :: Ancient Egypt Egyptian History

Ramses Ramses the Great ruled as the greatest pharaoh of all times. Also known as Ramses II, he was born in 1304 B.C., and was given the name the Justice of Ray is Powerful. He had the knowledge of the kingdom, and became the focus of the court at an early age. Ramses and his father spent most of their time together. As a young crown prince, Ramses II was appointed a co-ruler by his aging father, Seti I, and fully inherited the throne at age 24 when his father died. Even before he became Pharaoh, the young prince was known as a courageous warrior. At 22, he was sent to quell a minor revolt in Nubia. He brought along two little sons, and they took part in a chariot charge, according to a scene depicted in a carved relief on the walls of the Beit El-Wali Temple south of Aswan. After his ascent to the throne, the kingdom prospered and the young Pharaoh poured his energies and national treasures into building temples and monuments honoring his father, Egypt's gods and himself. In Nubia he constructed six temples, two of which were carved out of a Cliffside at Abu Simbel, with their four colossal statues of the king, are the most magnificent and the best known. Engineers designed the temple so every year on February 22 and October 22 the earliest sunrays shine on the back wall of the innermost chamber and lights up the pharaoh's statue, and fitting, he sits with the three gods of the sun. In all of his monuments he had his name cartouche and texts engraved so deep that no successor would be able to remove it. When Ramses became pharaoh, he had as many women as his heart desired and they were his greatest supporters. Ramses II built a king-size family with a 'considerable harem of wives and concubines'. He had 5 or 6 main wives and is known to have had more than 100 children with all of his wives. His favorite wife was the beautiful Nefertari, his chief queen and mother of his first-born son and other children. Ancient statues and inscriptions suggest she often appeared at her husband's side on state occasions and during religious ceremonies early in his reign. Ramses spent most of his 67-year reign reviving the empire and fighting the Hittites of Asia Minor. Ramses the Great, known for his fighting, went into battle with about 2,000 men in 1275 B.

A Psychological Perspective in “Oedipus Rex” and “Trifles” Essay

The two plays Oedipus Rex by Sophocles and Trifles by Susan Glaspell are great with detailed and remotely fascinating psychological perspectives. A psychological perspective is a perspective that includes the use of the author’s or characters background and/or emotional state to create the story or play. Oedipus Rex and Trifles both offers a great deal of insight into the minds of the characters, that insight also focus on what influenced the characters decision throughout the play. In many stories and/or plays the setting or era can add to the moral background of the characters. Both authors let the reader in on the emotional and psychological influences of the characters as to why they acted in a certain way. A good example on how the setting sets up the entire story or play is in Oedipus Rex where the era was Greek. Throughout the play the reader/audience is introduced to Greek mythology and oracle prophecies that sets up the era of the play and also gives a persona on what type of psychological issues to expect. Another example is in Trifles where the era was 1916 when women had no importance and played secondary roles and was not equal to a man. In Trifles, the play has both psychological and feminist critical perspectives. A good example of feminist critical perspective is when the attorney and sheriff decided that there is nothing important in the room:†Nothing here but kitchen things† (287). This line is the first of many disparaging comments said to minimize the importance of woman in society. The men criticized Mrs. Wright’s housekeeping skills, irking Mrs. Hale and the Sheriff’s wife Mrs. Peters. This incorporates setting and background about the kind of era to help the reader gain the insight needed to get into the minds of the characters. In Oedipus Rex, Freud’s Oedipus complex shows throughout the play. It is a group of largely unconscious (dynamically repressed) ideas and feelings which center on the desire to posses the parent of the opposite sex and eliminate the parent of the same sex. This is exactly what happened in the play and the Oedipus complex is named after the Greek mythical character Oedipus. This is the type of psychological perspective and mind frame that Oedipus portrays in this play by not intentionally murdering his father, marring his mother, committing incest, and carrying out the oracles prophecies. The reader can conclude that Oedipus found out about what he had done by saying the following: â€Å"I think I have called curses on myself in ignorance† (755-5) fearing that he has murdered his own father. â€Å"They will all come out clearly! Light of the sub, let me look on you no more!† (1183-4) from this quote the reader can feel the psychological insight of Oedipus and how the pain of finding out the truth took an emotional drain on him. In Trifles, Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters unveil a psychological profile of a desperate housewife. The women observed clues that revealed the bleakness of Mrs. Wright emotional life. They theorized that Mr. Wright’s cold, oppressive nature must have been dreary to live with. To the audience/reader we could conclude that Mrs. Wright has been very unhappy since she married her husband because of this description by Mrs. Hale â€Å"She was kind of like a bird herself- real sweet and pretty, but kind of timid, – fluttery. How she did change†. The psychological perspective of the woman is that they can understand how Mrs. Wright felt, something that the men could not. The reason for that is because Mrs. Hale revealed that she lost her baby and Mrs. Peter’s talks about how a boy hatched her kitten so they both can relate to Minnie and the lost of her bird. As the reader we can look deep inside the minds of these troubled women and have some sort of compassion for Mrs. Wright and the other women. In conclusion psychological perspective allows the reader and/or audience to think on a deeper level regarding how and why the author’s work was written the way it was. When authors put a portion of themselves and their backgrounds into their writing, the reader can not only use this perspective to make sense of the author’s thoughts and feelings but understand the characters as well. In both plays the author’s show a certain insight that helps the reader understands their work on a personal level and the reader can also understand the characters emotional state of mind throughout the play. References: Glaspell, Susan (1882-1948). Trifles. In R. DiYanni (Ed.), Literature: Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama (6thEd.) (p. 1858-1868), Boston, MA: McGraw Hill.Sophocles(c. 496-406 B.C.). Oedipus Rex. In R. DiYanni (Ed.), Literature: Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama (6thEd.) (p. 1307-1347), Boston, MA: McGraw Hill. Retrieved 1/29/10 from http://www.gradesaver.com Retrieved 1/29/10 from http://myeclassroom.com Retrieved 1/31/10 from http://www.pbsorg/empires/thegreeks/educational/pdf/oedipus_short.pdf

Outline On The History Of Halloween Essay

SPECIFIC PURPOSE:At the end of my speech, my audience should understand three important points of the history of Halloween. THESIS STATEMENT:The three most important points of Halloween can be summed up by looking at its origins, how it came to include jack-o-lanterns and bobbing  for apples, and how it is celebrated today in the 21st century with  trick-or-treating and haunted houses. When the leaves start turning different colors and falling off the trees, when the temperature starts falling and the sun starts setting a little earlier each day, it makes me think of Halloween. Most people think all Halloween is about is dressing up and going trick or treating. It didn’t start out as a going door-to-door and getting candy event every October 31st. In fact, Halloween originated as a Celtic festival more than 2000 years ago. When I was a kid, Halloween was my favorite time of the year. It wasn’t even because of all the candy and the dressing up, but for the overall atmosphere of it. I have always loved all things scary and fall has always been my favorite season so naturally every year I look forward to the end of October every year. The three most important points of Halloween can be summed up by looking at its origins, how it came to include jack-o-lanterns and bobbing for apples, and how it is celebrated today in the 21st century with trick-or-treating and haunted houses. I.Beginning somewhere around 800 BC, The Celts celebrated â€Å"Samhain†(pronounced â€Å"sow-in†), according to the book entitled â€Å"The Celts† by Nora Chadwick. A. Samhain is a festival to recognize the end of summer. 1. The Celtic celebrated Samhain near the end of our month of  October, which was the end of the year for them. 2. It often involved a big feast because it was the end of harvest also. B. The Celts believed that the veil between this world and the next was thinnest at this time of year. 1. Friends and relatives who had died would often return, with their souls inhabiting an animal – often a black cat. 2. Black Cats have remained a symbol of Halloween even today. C. In celebration of the recently completed harvest, Celts would give offerings of food to the Gods. 1. They often went from door to door to collect food to donate to their deities. 2. Also, young Celts would ask the townspeople for kindling and wood, and take it to top of  the hill for the Samhain bonfire. 3. These are the two possible origins of the modern â€Å"trick or treating† ritual. 1. Sacred bonfires were lit on the tops of hills in honor of the Gods. 2. The townspeople would take an ember from the bonfire to their home and re-light the  fire in their family hearth. 3. The ember would usually be carried in a holder, usually a turnip or gourd. E. The Celts felt nervous about walking home in the dark on account of the evil spirits. 1. They dressed up in costumes and carved scary faces in their ember holders. 2. They hoped that the spirits would be frightened and not bother them. 3. This is why we carve pumpkins and children dress up for Halloween. II. For the next eight centuries, the activities going on at the end of October began to change. A. According to website â€Å"The Origins and History of Halloween† 1. Jack was mischievous Irishman that had tricked the Devil into climbing an apple tree. 2. He then cut a cross symbol in the tree trunk, thus trapping the Devil in the branches. 3. At his death, he was unable to again access to Heaven because of his meanness and the  Devil would not allow him into Hell because of the apple tree incident. 4. He was forced to walk the earth endlessly but the devil took pity on him and gave him a piece of coal to light his path. 5. Jack put the coal inside a hollowed-out turnip that he had been eating. 6. This is the reason we light â€Å"jack-o-lantern† pumpkins on Halloween night. B. Apples were considered have long been associated with female deities, and with immortality,  resurrection, and knowledge. 1. One reason is that if an apple is cut through its equator, it will reveal a five-pointed star   outlined at the center of each hemisphere. 2. This was a pentagram — a Goddess symbol among the Gypsies, Celts, Egyptians, 3. Unmarried people would attempt to take a bite out of an apple bobbing in a pail of water, or  suspended on a string. 4. The first person to do so was believed to be the next to marry. 5. This is where the ritual of â€Å"bobbing for apples† originated. C. All Saints’ Day was a holiday to recognize the saints who were without their own day, and to  celebrate saints that the Church had failed to recognize. 1. It originally was held on May 13, but was moved to November 1, possibly to distract  Christians from celebrating Samhain. 2. Halloween was originally called All Hallows’ Eve which means the evening before All  Saints’ Day. 3. â€Å"Hallow† is an Old English word for â€Å"saint† III.Starting in the 20th century through present day, Halloween has become a major folk holiday in A. Trick–or-Treater’s go from door to door and collect candies, apples and other treats. 1. Halloween is the holiday when the most candy is sold. 2. It is second only to Christmas in total sales of any holiday. B. Scares and spookiness are a big part of Halloween. 1. Local community organizations put on fundraising events like haunted hayrides, scary  walks through the woods, etc. to raise money for their programs. 2. Privately-owned organizations take old houses or abandoned buildings, throw in a few  scary monsters here and there to create a haunted house. C. Hell or Judgment houses are a relatively new concept created by conservative Christian sects. 1. The earliest hell house appears to have been created by Rev. Jerry Falwell in the late  1970’s, according to the â€Å"Halloween Spooking, Christian Style,† American Atheists  news release, 2001-OCT-27. 2. A Hell House consists of a group of horrific presentations within a type of haunted  house where a customer walks through a sequence of scenes designed to create terror  and revulsion. 3. The intent is to convert the unsaved public  to Christianity and to promote certain  conservative Christian beliefs like the wrongs of abortion, homosexuality, and sex  before marriage. 4. The last scene is different, typically a portrayal of heaven where visitors are then asked  to accept salvation by repenting of their sins and accepting Jesus as Lord and Savior. Having seen how Halloween in modern times has evolved from its humble beginnings as an end of the growing season celebration, it is interesting to see how much festivities centered around the 31st of October have changed over the last 2000 years. It has gone from an end-of-year festival around 800 BC to a time when kids go door-to-door around their neighborhoods dressed up like their favorite cartoon characters. Halloween is just a fun day for everybody. It can bring out the kid in all of us.

Burnout Prevention Program for Nurses Essay

Burnout Prevention Program for Nurses Essay Burnout Prevention Program for Nurses Essay Example Burnout Prevention Program for Nurses Essay Example The nursing profession is one of the most demanding in terms of responsibilities to be performed and the working environment. The high pressure in the nursing profession makes nurses vulnerable to burnout, which affects their ability to deliver quality services to patients. Accordingly, burnout among nurses is possible when they start experiencing an increased prevalence of depression and anxiety. Their levels of commitment to their respective duties and responsibilities decline with the increasing levels of burnout. Burnout among nurses increases the annual turnover rates, as many nurses opt out of the practice to relax. Such situation is worrying and needs urgent intervention through proper coping strategies that would help them handle the numerous stresses they experience in their respective areas of work. One of the most notable examples of programs that have been successful in preventing burnout among nurses was the Resilience Training Program for Intensive Care Unit. According to Mealer, et al. (2014), the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (AACN) was in charge of the program and it was based on the cognitive behavioral therapy sessions, regular exercises over a 12-year period, expressive writing and mindfulness-based stress-reduction techniques. The strategies played an instrumental role in giving participants the opportunity to express themselves, hence releasing their stresses and other concerns in the best possible way. They were taught to be stronger and resilient in the stressful field. Therefore, it is vital for hospitals to understand the different challenges that nurses face in their work environments, as it would offer the opportunity to assist them in coping with burnout. Burnout prevention programs are only successful in instances where the needs of nurses are keenly evaluated and addressed in the most significant manner. The training program suggested in current essay would be crucial in addressing diverse challenges, inclu ding family problems, work structure, remuneration, interaction with patients and workplace relationships among nurses and their bosses. Current essay explicates the concept of burnout among nurses and suggests an effective program for burnout prevention for nurses. What is Burnout? Burnout refers to the long-term exhaustion and diminished interest in work among professionals in different field. Ceslowitz (1988) opines that burnout is always common among highly pressured professionals, such as those in the field of nursing. Specifically, burnout is a condition that emanates from the chronic occupational stresses, such as work overload and pressures relating to the completion of different jobs at the workplace. However, further evidence reveals that the etiology of burnout is multifaceted in nature as dispositional factors also tend to play a role in its occurrence. Lambie (2006) informs that burnout is widespread among professionals, but it is not recognized as a distinct disorder in the DSM-5 due to its closeness to other depressive disorders. In the ICD-10, burnout could be found under problems related to life management difficulties. Overall, a burnout could be defined as the unending feeling and exhaustion among professions in their respective areas of work. The Interpersonal Impact of Burnout When the concept of burnout was first described in the 1970s, it was originally linked to interpersonal stressors on the job. Falck and Kilcoyne (1984) inform that the concept of burnout was originally observed in the context of human services, such as healthcare, hence easily revealing its interpersonal impacts. In line with such understanding, the first significant interpersonal impact of burnout is the syndrome of emotional exhaustion. It emanates from a person’s emotional demands in the course of interacting with others at the workplace. Moreover, there is a high possibility that nurses will develop a reduced emotional attachment to other people at work due to the exhaustion caused by the workplace stressors. The individual feels exhausted in terms of responding to emotional demands in respect to others in the workplace. The second vital interpersonal impact of burnout is depersonalization. Ericson-Lidman and Strandberg (2007) are of the view that it is the cynical and negative response to patients and losing interest with oneself. For instance, nurses would lose interest in offering the required care to patients. Moreover, they tend to feel that patients are a bother to them and offer services that do not meet the required criteria due to burnout. The last crucial interpersonal impact of burnout is reduced personal accomplishment. It is believed that due to it a worker cannot work in the most effective manner with the clients. In the hospital setting, nurses tend to feel that they cannot work effectively with patients due to the frustrations they experience in the workplace. Symptoms of Burnout According to Brake, Gorter, Hoogstraten, and Eijkman (2001), burnout exhibits numerous symptoms that are easily noticeable from the behavior of workers. The first symptom is the unique feeling of tiredness. It is when a worker experiences tiredness coupled with aches and pains in different parts of the body. The second symptom of burnout is the loss of interest to work. Most people find their work a fun experience. However, they reach the level, at which they perceive their work a burden rather than a fun experience. The third notable symptom of burnout is the feeling of loneliness emanating from the decision to isolate oneself from others in the workplace. Such detachment tends to lead to depression among workers. Balk, Chung, Beigi, and Brooks (2009) assert that the fourth symptom of burnout is emotional exhaustion. The emotions of individuals tend to be blunted, and they may negatively react to co-workers. They lose that passion of working effectively with other employees and fail to realize the goals of the hospital in terms of service delivery. The last significant symptom of burnout is anxiety and continuous instances of worry among individuals. The workers tend to be anxious about everything occurring in the workplace. Some of them become frustrated with their own job performance and all other activities taking place within the work environment. Stages of Burnout Burnout develops in 12 diverse phases/stages among individuals. Wang, Liu, and Wang (2015) affirm that before explaining each of the stages, it is crucial to point out that burnout is not categorized as a distinct disorder in the DSM-5 because it is problematically closer to depressive disorders. Therefore, such stages are perceived the onset of depressive disorder from the perspective of DSM-5. The relevant stages theorized by Herbert Freudenberger and Gail North are summarized below. Stage 1: The compulsion to prove oneself. According to Falck and Kilcoyne (1984), it refers to the excessive ambition adopted by employees. The pressure to prove oneself at the workplace leads to compulsion. They want to be above everyone in terms of performance in their areas of work. Stage 2: Working harder. It emanates from the desire to prove oneself at the workplace. The employee develops higher expectations and sets higher targets compared to everyone. With the desire to prove themselves, they engage in any work at the workplace. Stage 3: Neglecting their needs. Such individuals place all their focus on work, while forgetting their personal needs. For instance, a worker might forget to eat, spend time with the family or friends. They perceive such activities unnecessary and prioritize work at any given time. Stage 4: Displacement of conflicts. Kushnir and Milbauer (1993) agree that at current stage the individuals convince themselves in the fact that what they are doing is not right. However, the individuals fail to recognize the cause of the problem leading to an individual crisis. Physical symptoms begin appearing at current stage among most individuals. Stage 5: Revision of values. In line with current stage, the individual prefers isolating himself/herself from others. Schaufeli, Leiter, and Maslach (2009) hold the view that individuals avoid conflicts and find themselves in a state of self-denial about their basic needs with the changing perceptions. They develop a new value systems focusing on job performance and become emotionally blunt. Stage 6: Denial of emerging problems. Current stage is characterized by intolerance as individuals are not social. Social relationships are extremely unbearable for them due to their intolerance. At this stage, outsiders are always able to identify aggression and aspects of sarcasm among such individuals. They blame their problems on the way they have changed rather than on their work and other organizational pressures. Stage 7: Withdrawal. It is when the social contacts reduce to the lowest level almost leading to isolation. Individuals tend to minimize their stresses using alcohol and cigarettes. Stage 8: Obvious behavioral changes. Ericson-Lidman and Strandberg (2007) reiterate that changes in the behavior of the person become so apparent that friends, co-workers and family members cannot overlook them. They begin fearing and shying away from other people due to the rapid changes in behavior and aggressive tendencies. Stage 9: Depersonalization. Individuals tend to lose contact with themselves, as they perceive themselves worthless. They also forget their own personal needs and they view their lives from a narrow perspective. They mostly focus on the present, forgetting the future. Stage 10: Inner emptiness. Individuals feel extremely empty on their inside and resort to the activities such as sex, overeating, alcohol and other drugs to overcome their stresses. Their engagement in such activities is always exaggerated. Stage 11: Depression. Smith (1999) informs that depression develops with time, as the individuals become hopeless, exhausted and develop the belief that they do not have a future. They see no meaning in their own lives as a result of the lost hope. Stage 12: Burnout syndrome. The emotions and physical status of such individuals collapses to the lowest level. At this stage, there is always a need for urgent medical attention for individuals. Suicidal ideation might occur in some instances caused by extreme depression. However, only a few people commit suicide. What is Not Burnout? In numerous instances, burnout has always been confused with stress. Specifically, individuals tend to confuse the symptoms of stress with burnout without understanding that they are two distinct disorders. However, stress is different from burnout because it is usually characterized by over-engagement, while burnout is associated with disengagement. A person would not be termed to be experiencing a burnout when he/she over-engages in a particular activity. Additionally, Schaufeli, Leiter, and Maslach (2009) point out that instances of emotional overreaction are not reflections of burnout, but stress. Goetz, et al. (2013) hold the opinion that burnout develops as a result of emotional bluntness among individuals, as they forget their own needs, family and friends. More so, stress might lead to premature death among individuals, while a burnout only makes individuals feel worthless in their lives. It does not necessarily have to lead to suicidal ideations. Therefore, incidences of sui cidal ideations may not necessarily reflect the presence of a burnout among individuals. Again, burnouts mostly tend to occur from the job, hence differing from stress, which might occur from any other causes. A burnout is not a feeling that arises from any other life event, but pressures in the work environment. Analysis of the Real Situation and Background MacKusick and Minick (2010) indicate that The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) indicates that the shortage of registered nurses in the country exceeds 500,000 registered nurses by 2025. It occurs due to the fear of starting the practice influenced by the associated workplace pressures. MacKusick and Minick (2010) emphasize that the study by AACN also indicated that an estimated 30%-50% of registered nurses leave their practices three years after starting their work. The longer working hours have contributed to burnout among such nurses, as they have to be involved in the routine of taking care of patients on a daily basis. Kalliath and Morris (2002) state that the increasing burnout levels lead to patient dissatisfaction with negative outcomes, which occur in the healthcare environment. Nobody wants nurses to leav the practice due to the increasing burnout levels. Again, everyone wants to experience a situation where patients are satisfied with the services delivere d to them by nurses. Such situation needs to improve to promote the ability of nurses to cope with such challenging environment. Therefore, the burnout prevention program was designed that would enhance the ability of nurses to cope with the pressures in their workplace. The program is specifically dedicated to decrease the pressures that nurses are exposed to and help them cope with their work. For instance, it focuses on encouraging hospitals to reduce the working hours for nurses, hence allowing them maximum time to rest. Even with the shortage of registered nurses, it is possible to deliver shifts that accommodate rest for nurses. The review of the work structure to manageable levels would play an instrumental role in leading to reduced burnout levels. One significant element that makes such burnout prevention program important is that it would involve the identification of a need assessment for nurses before tackling their issues in respect to factors contributing to their burnout. Balk, Chung, Beigi, and Brooks (2009) agree that the identification of needs is crucial because it leads to a more focused approach in the execution of the prevention program. In tandem with the program, the need was expressed to prevent burnout levels among nurses. Therefore, it has been planned to conduct surveys or questionnaires with nurses to identify their needs prior to helping them cope with workplace pressures. As Wang, Liu, and Wang (2015) explain, everyone with a burnout level higher than 4 on both the frequency and the intensity scale of the Maslach Burnout Inventory would need to be involved in such burnout prevention program. It is important as these are moderate levels of burnout as experienced by each person. It is noticeable, hence lead ing to the loss of interest in work and undesirable patient outcomes. Such burnout prevention program would start with involvement of individuals at the moderate to the high levels of burnout to facilitate future coping among them. Such strategy is developed accordance with the research conducted from the daily lives of nurses in the hospital setting. Program Aims and Goals The program will have both general and specific goals to guide its purpose in helping nurses prevent incidences of burnout by dealing with different matters they face. General Goals The first general goal is to train nurses on the best techniques to prevent burnout, while facing different issues at their workplaces; The second general goal of the program would be increase awareness, hence helping nurses identify symptoms easily as they face diverse challenges in their work environments. Specific Goals To promote the understanding of common signs of burnout among nurses; To improve resilience among nurses through in-depth training on relevant coping strategies relating to different challenges in the workplace; To ensure that nurses know the antecedents of burnout, hence enabling them deal with it effectively as they start experiencing it; To help nurses learn how to manage time to avoid finding themselves in working situations that expose them to burnouts. Appropriate time-management skills eliminate overworking; To decrease their burnout levels measured on the Maslach Burnout Index; To help nurses understand themselves in terms of their strengths and limitations; To help nurses learn how to manage their private and job life to avoid overindulgence in one area, while foregoing the other one; To enable nurses to learn how to reveal themselves. It relates to adopting the best strategies to communicate feelings and thoughts to other people, and being able to say â€Å"no† in some cases. Target Population and Location The participants in the program will be nurses from a hospital in the United States. The reason for it is that the nursing profession is one of the occupations that are exposed to numerous pressures, which lead to burnout. Smith (1999) asserts that while working in the hospital environment, nurses face different events, such as suffering cancer patients, dying patients and long working hours. Others have personal financial and family problems that expose them to burnouts, hence the need for the effective coping strategies. As noted earlier, the program would consider nurses who exhibit a burnout level higher than 4 on the Maslach Burnout Index, as they are at a high risk in terms of the burnout level. Such prevention program would only accommodate 15 nurses. Such number is perceived ideal because it is easier to work more efficiently with this number of people compared to working with a large number, for example 30 participants. Moreover, the number is ideal because it enhances perso nal contact with all participants, hence giving them the opportunity to benefit from the prevention program. The most significant thing to indicate here is that everyone will participate voluntarily without being coerced. The inclusion criteria is as follows: A person must be a nurse; A person must be participating in the delivery of healthcare services at a hospital; Should be working in shifts; Must be in a high responsibility area; Must have a social attitude as they help others all the time; Must be experiencing difficult working conditions, such as experiencing death, dealing with cancer patients and other suffering patients all the time; Has to be friendly and needs to have a large base of social contacts; Could be either male or female; Nurses with family and money problems would also be accommodated in such burnout prevention program. Exclusion Criteria: Exhibiting zero levels of burnout; Low responsibility area. Location The burnout prevention program will take place in a hospital in City X. Most of the sessions will take place outside the hospital setting to give the nurses a new experience that would help them relax and learn effectively. Skovholt, Grier, and Hanson (2001) are of the view that learning outside the hospital environment would be the most ideal way of helping them understand the best strategies of preventing burnout, while offering their services to patients in their respective high responsibility areas. Again, they would be able to express themselves better in any other environment away from the hospital. In addition, it may lead to the success of the intervention program in terms of enabling them prevent incidences of burnout, as they work in the future. Timetabling The prevention program is scheduled to take 12 weeks (3months) to accomplish its mission of helping nurses prevent burnout in the future. Participants would engage in similar activities with three sessions every week. There will also be an open forum session where participants have the opportunity to express themselves and receive instant feedback from facilitators. Balk, Chung, Beigi, and Brooks (2009) opine that such approach to learning would be significant in achieving the desired outcomes among the nurses. As a result, it will help improve their resilience and coping strategies in their challenging work environments.

Essay on Management 436 Db

Essay on Management 436 Db Essay on Management 436 Db Unit Four Discussion Board One MGMT436-1205B-01 Managing Organizational Change Dr. Marcia Brown Suequeena Diane Williams January 29, 2013 Hello Dr. Brown and Fellow Classmates: For our first discussion board for the week, we were asked to download the required work redesign document complete by a firm’s internal consulting team. Acting as external consultants, the task is to review the document as it is presented and render suggestions about what was done correctly along with any concerns and recommendations that are deemed necessary to mention. With that prompt in mind, I have formulated the following responses to the questions that Dr. Brown has posed. Discussion on the Utilized Analysis and Work Redesign Strategies In order to address the organizational issues of increasing expense and budgetary costs, lack of quality and timely work, excessive chargebacks and customer service issues, the assigned internal consulting team took the following actions: * Conducted discussion with Management over time * Interviews/discussions with customers * Mailed surveys to employee’s homes in hopes of gauging individual motivation and potential problems * Facilitated team building workshops * Re-issued surveys at workshops when poor response was received Based on the above information and researched material, the internal consulting team opted to employ the Motivational Work Design Strategy. Created from research completed in organizational psychology by Hackman and Oldham, the motivational model encourages job enrichment and enlargement (Campon and Mumford, 2005). Basically, this model of work redesign believes that performance on a job is directly correlated with employing and retaining employees who are both satisfied and involved with organization procedures. Upon gaining knowledge of the issues, the first thing the internal consultants did was interview with the management. From this meeting, they suggested that the employees complete a survey. All of these events directly relate to the Motivational Work Design Strategy discussed above. Discussion on the Successfully and Unsuccessfully Addressed Change Factors As it relates to the given scenario, the increased team building, employee input and communication issues were all properly addressed. However, it is believed that the internal consultants did not properly address the functional complaint routing system. Basically, if a customer contacted the organization with a problem, they could not receive an immediate response because the answering representative did not have the required knowledge to answer the question. As a result, the question had to be forwarded to a supervisor and who would then forward to a compliance specialist. By the time the customer receives the answer to his/her question, the problem is usually resolved which only further aids to the customer’s irritation and/or aggravation. It is believed that the employees would feel more included in the organization if they had the proper information to answer the questions asked of them as opposed to simply being a call taker only registers complaints. Discussion on Addressing the Unsuccessful Change Process Issue Since the internal consultants did not address the employee/customer service issues in the Motivational Model Theory that they