Commonly Used Proofreading Symbols with Examples

Commonly Used Proofreading Symbols with Examples Despite widespread use of software for writing and publishing, there are some cases in which knowing traditional proofreading symbols is recommended or required. This is especially true in the publishing industry.Below is a list of some commonly used proofreading symbols. However, keep in mind that different editors will use variations of these and/or others that are not listed here.New paragraph hereThis symbol denotes that the writer should begin a new paragraph wherever the symbol is placed. Particularly for pages containing extensive dialogue, starting a new paragraph is necessary to help the reader visually follow the flow of the narrative without the author implicitly stating who is speaking.Delete; take out somethingWhen a letter, word or clause should be deleted, the delete symbol is used and should be written over the element to be removed.Close up spaceA proofreader in the publishing industry will look at the proof, or printed copy of the publication, to check for errors. I f there are spaces too wide that need to be closed, this symbol is used.Transpose elementsIts easy for a writer to accidentally put words in the wrong order, which is why this sign is used to show elements should be transposed (or switched around).Insert whatever is written above or below the proofreading symbolWhen content is to be inserted, use this symbol along with whatever element should be inserted above or below it.Insert en dashThe en dash is wider than a hyphen but narrower than the em dash and should be used between dates.Insert em dashThe em dash can take the place of commas, parentheses, or colons and is a highly versatile punctuation mark. Considered less formal than parentheses, a pair of em dashes can be used to draw attention to the text within them without disrupting the flow of the sentence.Move leftThis proofreading symbol means the the content should be moved left. Note that the symbol should be as long as the lines of content to be moved.Move rightThis symbol me ans that the content should be moved right. As with the above symbol, this one should be as long as the lines of content to be moved.Make italicsIn most style guides, italics are used for book titles and other published material. This symbol means to change the word(s) to italics.Change to capital letter(s)If a word should have a capital letter, or multiple capital letters, this symbol is used.Align verticallyThis symbol means the content should be aligned vertically.Align horizontallyThis symbol is used to note when content should be aligned horizontally.

American Exceptionalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American Exceptionalism - Essay Example Throughout the history, American political leaders have been "relatively autonomous" from political pressures and are able to use their autonomy to solve problems confronting the state. During the Cold War, the international policy challenged Truman administration and national security planners. In the early Cold War period was the problematic nature of life in the "atomic age," which explicitly connected public with national security policy. The battle against the Soviet Union and communism marked a new period in American political agenda. In contrast to other states, the USA followed exceptionalist policies based on the idea of the American way of life and liberty. During this period of time, America joined anti-internationalist streak and opposed participation in international institutions. These international relations led to changes on the national level. Parliamentary systems of government abound elsewhere in the world and can be divided into various categories; no other advanced industrialized democracy has emulated the American system. American institutions are exceptional. The battle against communism and anti-internationalist streak caused new worldviews help by most Americans. ... Americans expect less of government in services, particularly in the provision of social welfare, than do citizens of zither democracies; they strongly support civil liberties such as freedom of the press; and they are of course strongly in favor of a democratic form of government. Chief among the political traditions that have been strong elsewhere but almost absent from American politics has been social democracy. The United States is unique among industrialized democracies in never having had a social democratic movement with a strong popular following. After the Cold war, Americans continued their international expansion and were involved in the Gild War. Nuclear weapons revolutionized how the U.S. military was actually used, in, for example, Korea, Vietnam, or the Gulf War (Spanos 89).The argument here is first an existential claim that nuclear weapons changed the way Americans understood its place in a world. Truman administration planners charged with managing postwar national security policy did conceive of nuclear weapons as revolutionary in the sense that they believed doctrinal changes tied to the integration of nuclear weapons into the armed forces did have consequences for the state and society. The Vietnam War and the Gulf war changed national values and traditions of the nation. Exceptionalism was codified in the Weinberger Doctrine (1984) and the Powell Doctrine (1990=1991). A new period in international politics was marked by new international policies introduced by Bill Clinton. The politics of exceptionalism was embodied in Clinton's politics of enlargement and engagement, his vision of Iraqi leader and nuclear weapon (Ignatieff 94). Both Congress and the media (the presidency much less so) have

Business organisations law Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business organisations law - Coursework Example It means that the liability of actual authority is greater compared to that of apparent authority because there is an agreement already undertaken. Actual authority is said to enjoy more power than an agent with apparent authority because a third party will usually be unaware of the terms and conditions of the agreement between the principal and his agent and thus he will be unaware of the extent of the agent’s actual authority. According to John D Maltas, an agent’s apparent authority will be unaffected by limitations on the actual authority, i.e. it is easier for a third party to establish that the agent acted within the scope of his apparent authority rather than the agent’s actual authority (John D Maltas, p 43) and hence he is said to have more power than apparent authority. Richard A. Mann and Barry S. Roberts emphasize that an apparent authority can not exist where the principal is undisclosed because, apparent authority is the power resulting from acts that appear to the third party to be authorized by the principal. (Richard A. Mann and Barry S. Roberts, p. 350) Normally an agent needs to disclose to his principal all material facts known to him and circumstances that may influence his principal when entering in to contracts. Once an agent fails to disclose these facts, he is not entitled to commission. Suppose, the agent has received any profit resulting from non-disclosure is recoverable by the principal (John D Maltas, p 49). This has been well explained by S. A. Christensen and W. D. Duncan. When one party to a contract pays a secret commission to the agent and does not disclose this to the principal, the party takes the risk of non-disclosure. A party who deals secretly with the agent of another will be considered to have committed a fraud against the principal and cannot later defend the validity of the transaction. This will require the principal to return any benefits received under the transaction, because this will not prohibit him

The Common Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Common Law - Essay Example He meant to convey that what has been formed by the institution of lawmakers is actually an embodiment of the prevailing affair with times across a general culture of the nation in association with legal theories with which people have sought political involvement depending on the relevance and impact lawful matters create upon their lives. Though some degree of sociological approach may be reflected in the overall statement of Justice Holmes, a historical school of jurisprudence substantiates most of its meaning. This Holmes justifies explicating â€Å"The law embodies the story of a nation’s development through many centuries ... In order to know what it is, we must know what it has been, and what it tends to become.† Believing that law operates as a function of history, Holmes likely proposes that the accounts of any period, especially of the past, are amply significant in the foundation and intended accomplishments of a good and sensible

Of mice and men Essay Example for Free

Of mice and men Essay What does this section reveal about Curley’s wife? In Steinbeck’s description of Curley’s wife, he talks a lot about how well dressed she is and how she behaves so flirtatious. This means that she is the complete opposite to George. If she can afford ostrich feathers and all the luxuries of her clothing then she must have a lot of money or just spends it all on this. Steinbeck uses phrases such as â€Å"she bridled a little† to describe her actions. This is another comparison to animals that he uses to animalise people and in more than one case, women. By the way that Curley’s wife speaks and behaves we can tell she isn’t really the cleverest of all people. This means she wouldn’t work and instead get her money from inheritance of Curley himself. The colour red portrays passion and danger which foreshadows her later role in the book. Steinbeck suggests to the reader that Curley’s wife is â€Å"jailbait†. Curley’s wife obviously likes to take care in her appearance because in Steinbeck’s description of her, he says she is â€Å"heavily made up. Her fingernails were red. Her hair hung in little rolled clusters† this suggests to the reader that she is trying to get attention or is acting as a â€Å"tart†. She has no reason to dress up this extravagantly however as she is already married and there are no other women on the ranch, meaning she therefore she has no one to impress. What does the novella reveal about 1930’s America? The paragraph â€Å"She had full, rouged lips and wide-spaced eyes [†¦] which were little bouquets of red ostrich feathers† describes what she wears. Her items of clothing seem very expensive especially during the 1930’s when the people of America were experiencing the Great Depression and had very little money. This means that whatever money she has, she spends it on clothes. This links contextually to the rise of Hollywood as people (women) were caring more about their appearances. Also, the fact that Curley’s wife is never named is a key point as this indicates to us how women were not important and were more of an item that one would have as later on George reveals his dream in which he â€Å"could live so easy and maybe have a girl† which tells us in first person what men thought of women; as objects to own which was a rising ‘issue’ in the 1930’s America. The fact that Slim addresses her as â€Å"Good-lookin’† really proves this point. We notice how the G is capitalised as if he is implying that that she does not need a proper name and is referred to by beauty and not personality. This relates to the Rise of Hollywood as during the 1930’s the role of women changed significantly. They became images and no longer people.

Ramses :: Ancient Egypt Egyptian History

Ramses Ramses the Great ruled as the greatest pharaoh of all times. Also known as Ramses II, he was born in 1304 B.C., and was given the name the Justice of Ray is Powerful. He had the knowledge of the kingdom, and became the focus of the court at an early age. Ramses and his father spent most of their time together. As a young crown prince, Ramses II was appointed a co-ruler by his aging father, Seti I, and fully inherited the throne at age 24 when his father died. Even before he became Pharaoh, the young prince was known as a courageous warrior. At 22, he was sent to quell a minor revolt in Nubia. He brought along two little sons, and they took part in a chariot charge, according to a scene depicted in a carved relief on the walls of the Beit El-Wali Temple south of Aswan. After his ascent to the throne, the kingdom prospered and the young Pharaoh poured his energies and national treasures into building temples and monuments honoring his father, Egypt's gods and himself. In Nubia he constructed six temples, two of which were carved out of a Cliffside at Abu Simbel, with their four colossal statues of the king, are the most magnificent and the best known. Engineers designed the temple so every year on February 22 and October 22 the earliest sunrays shine on the back wall of the innermost chamber and lights up the pharaoh's statue, and fitting, he sits with the three gods of the sun. In all of his monuments he had his name cartouche and texts engraved so deep that no successor would be able to remove it. When Ramses became pharaoh, he had as many women as his heart desired and they were his greatest supporters. Ramses II built a king-size family with a 'considerable harem of wives and concubines'. He had 5 or 6 main wives and is known to have had more than 100 children with all of his wives. His favorite wife was the beautiful Nefertari, his chief queen and mother of his first-born son and other children. Ancient statues and inscriptions suggest she often appeared at her husband's side on state occasions and during religious ceremonies early in his reign. Ramses spent most of his 67-year reign reviving the empire and fighting the Hittites of Asia Minor. Ramses the Great, known for his fighting, went into battle with about 2,000 men in 1275 B.

A Psychological Perspective in “Oedipus Rex” and “Trifles” Essay

The two plays Oedipus Rex by Sophocles and Trifles by Susan Glaspell are great with detailed and remotely fascinating psychological perspectives. A psychological perspective is a perspective that includes the use of the author’s or characters background and/or emotional state to create the story or play. Oedipus Rex and Trifles both offers a great deal of insight into the minds of the characters, that insight also focus on what influenced the characters decision throughout the play. In many stories and/or plays the setting or era can add to the moral background of the characters. Both authors let the reader in on the emotional and psychological influences of the characters as to why they acted in a certain way. A good example on how the setting sets up the entire story or play is in Oedipus Rex where the era was Greek. Throughout the play the reader/audience is introduced to Greek mythology and oracle prophecies that sets up the era of the play and also gives a persona on what type of psychological issues to expect. Another example is in Trifles where the era was 1916 when women had no importance and played secondary roles and was not equal to a man. In Trifles, the play has both psychological and feminist critical perspectives. A good example of feminist critical perspective is when the attorney and sheriff decided that there is nothing important in the room:†Nothing here but kitchen things† (287). This line is the first of many disparaging comments said to minimize the importance of woman in society. The men criticized Mrs. Wright’s housekeeping skills, irking Mrs. Hale and the Sheriff’s wife Mrs. Peters. This incorporates setting and background about the kind of era to help the reader gain the insight needed to get into the minds of the characters. In Oedipus Rex, Freud’s Oedipus complex shows throughout the play. It is a group of largely unconscious (dynamically repressed) ideas and feelings which center on the desire to posses the parent of the opposite sex and eliminate the parent of the same sex. This is exactly what happened in the play and the Oedipus complex is named after the Greek mythical character Oedipus. This is the type of psychological perspective and mind frame that Oedipus portrays in this play by not intentionally murdering his father, marring his mother, committing incest, and carrying out the oracles prophecies. The reader can conclude that Oedipus found out about what he had done by saying the following: â€Å"I think I have called curses on myself in ignorance† (755-5) fearing that he has murdered his own father. â€Å"They will all come out clearly! Light of the sub, let me look on you no more!† (1183-4) from this quote the reader can feel the psychological insight of Oedipus and how the pain of finding out the truth took an emotional drain on him. In Trifles, Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters unveil a psychological profile of a desperate housewife. The women observed clues that revealed the bleakness of Mrs. Wright emotional life. They theorized that Mr. Wright’s cold, oppressive nature must have been dreary to live with. To the audience/reader we could conclude that Mrs. Wright has been very unhappy since she married her husband because of this description by Mrs. Hale â€Å"She was kind of like a bird herself- real sweet and pretty, but kind of timid, – fluttery. How she did change†. The psychological perspective of the woman is that they can understand how Mrs. Wright felt, something that the men could not. The reason for that is because Mrs. Hale revealed that she lost her baby and Mrs. Peter’s talks about how a boy hatched her kitten so they both can relate to Minnie and the lost of her bird. As the reader we can look deep inside the minds of these troubled women and have some sort of compassion for Mrs. Wright and the other women. In conclusion psychological perspective allows the reader and/or audience to think on a deeper level regarding how and why the author’s work was written the way it was. When authors put a portion of themselves and their backgrounds into their writing, the reader can not only use this perspective to make sense of the author’s thoughts and feelings but understand the characters as well. In both plays the author’s show a certain insight that helps the reader understands their work on a personal level and the reader can also understand the characters emotional state of mind throughout the play. References: Glaspell, Susan (1882-1948). Trifles. In R. DiYanni (Ed.), Literature: Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama (6thEd.) (p. 1858-1868), Boston, MA: McGraw Hill.Sophocles(c. 496-406 B.C.). Oedipus Rex. In R. DiYanni (Ed.), Literature: Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama (6thEd.) (p. 1307-1347), Boston, MA: McGraw Hill. Retrieved 1/29/10 from http://www.gradesaver.com Retrieved 1/29/10 from http://myeclassroom.com Retrieved 1/31/10 from http://www.pbsorg/empires/thegreeks/educational/pdf/oedipus_short.pdf